公安部


中华人民共和国枪支管理办法(附英文)

（一九八一年一月五日国务院批准）

第一条 为了维护社会治安，保障公共安全，防止犯罪分子利用枪支进行破坏活动，特制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所指的枪支（包括这些枪支所使用的弹药）是指非军事系统的下列枪支：军用的手枪、步枪、冲锋枪和机枪，射击运动用的各种枪支，狩猎用的有膛线枪、散弹枪、火药枪，麻醉动物用的注射枪，以及能发射金属弹丸的气枪。
中国人民解放军、民兵和人民武装警察部队装备的军用枪支按军队和民兵系统有关规定管理。

枪支的佩带和配置
第三条 下列人员可以佩带枪支：
（一）人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关因工作必需佩带枪支的人员；
（二）边防地区、海防地区以及省、自治区人民政府认为有佩带枪支必要的其他偏僻地区的党政负责干部；
（三）省级以上党政机关的机要交通员，边疆地区县、市党政机关和邮电部门有佩带枪支必要的机要通信人员；
（四）海关因工作必需佩带枪支的人员；
（五）军工工厂的警卫押运人员。
第四条 下列单位可以配置公用枪支：
（一）有配枪必要的厂矿、企业、机关、学校、科研等单位的保卫部门；
（二）有配枪必要的重要财政金融单位和地处偏僻不设武装看守的重要仓库、电台、科研单位；
（三）在偏僻地区和海上作业有配枪必要的地质勘探队、测绘队；
（四）航行沿海和远洋的客、货、油轮及其他海上作业的工作船；
（五）有配枪必要的民航机场和民航飞机。
第五条 开展射击运动的县以上体育运动委员会，可以配置射击运动枪支。
第六条 专业狩猎生产的人员和单位，可以佩带和配置猎枪。非专业狩猎人员持有猎枪的，限十八岁以上公民，每人不得超过两支。
第七条 狩猎生产和科研教学单位、野生动物饲养和畜牧业单位、兽医院需对动物进行麻醉注射的，可以配置注射枪。
第八条 电影制片厂因拍摄电影需要，可以购置已经淘汰的旧式枪支作道具使用。但除少量效果枪外，其他枪支机件必须进行技术处理，使其不再能用以实弹射击。

枪支的制造和购买
第九条 各种枪支，除国家指定的工厂制造和修理外，任何单位和个人，不准私自制造、修理或装配。
第十条 各单位购买军用枪支，应当将购买枪支的种类、数量、用途、佩带和配置范围报经当地公安机关同意后，向国家指定的机关申请价拨。
购买各种射击运动枪支，需经上一级体育运动委员会批准和所在地县、市公安局同意，发给购买证，凭证向国家指定的单位购买。
购买猎枪和注射枪，需经县以上林业部门批准和公安机关同意，发给购买证，凭证向国家指定的单位购买。经销猎枪的商店，需在县、市以上公安机关注册。
除国家指定或经主管部门批准的单位外，任何单位和个人不得买卖枪支、弹药。

枪支的管理
第十一条 持枪人员，必须经本单位负责人同意，报县以上主管部门批准。持枪单位，必须经县以上人民政府批准。
任何单位和个人，未经法定手续批准，不得私自保存枪支、弹药。对于未经批准持有的枪支、弹药，必须送交当地公安机关，不得擅自处理。
第十二条 持枪人员和持枪单位，必须向所在地县、市公安局申领持枪证。经县、市公安局审核，发给持枪证。
持枪人员携带枪支外出，必须随身携带持枪证备查。因公携带公用枪支到本县、市以外地区的，必须向所在地县、市公安局申领持枪通行证。
第十三条 展览馆、博物馆等单位保存的有历史意义的枪支，必须向所在地县、市公安局登记，不准挪作他用。
第十四条 严禁在城市、集镇、居民点、风景游览区、机场、交通沿线以及其他规定不准鸣枪的地区任意呜枪。非狩猎区禁止鸣枪打猎。
第十五条 在某些特定的地区和场所，不准携带枪支时，持枪人员应当将所带枪支交公安机关或指定单位保存，离去时发还。
第十六条 各种枪支均须妥善保管，确保安全。集体持有的，应当指定专人负责，专库（柜）保存，枪支、弹药分别存放，严防丢失、被盗和发生其他事故。
枪支丢失、被盗，必须立即报告公安机关，并保护现场。
第十七条 持枪单位和持枪人员不准私自将枪支、弹药赠送、转借他人。持枪单位撤销或持枪人员工作调动时，应当将枪支交还发枪单位，并将持枪证交回原发证公安机关注销。
持有猎枪的人，迁离原住地县、市时，应当向原发证公安机关缴销持枪证，换领携运证。到达目的地后，凭携运证向当地公安机关办理新的持枪证。
第十八条 运输枪支、弹药，必须事先向运往地的县、市公安局申领运输证。运到目的地后，凭证向当地公安机关登记备案或申领持枪证。
第十九条 从国外携带猎枪入境，必须事先经常住地县、市公安局批准。入境时，向海关申报，由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达目的地后，向当地公安机关换领持枪证。
携带猎枪出境，需向原发证公安机关缴销持枪证，换领携运证。出境时，向海关申报，将携运证交出境地边防检查站。
第二十条 各单位对不堪使用的报废枪支，要登记造册，报省、自治区，直辖市主管部门领导批准，向所在地县、市公安局送验登记清册，并作彻底毁型处理后，由销毁单位派人监督，在省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局指定的冶金工厂回炉销毁。
第二十一条 对发射金属弹丸的气枪，体育部门用于射击运动的，按射击运动枪支管理；狩猎单位用于狩猎的，按猎枪管理。个人购买和持有发射金属弹丸的气枪，也要登记管理，具体办法由省、自冶区、直辖市公安厅、局制定。
第二十二条 持枪证，持枪通行证，射击运动枪、猎枪、注射枪购买证，枪支弹药运输证、携运证由公安部统一制定，省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局统一印制，县、市公安局签发。
第二十三条 各级公安机关对本地区非军事系统枪支的佩带、使用、保管、变动等情况，实施监督，并定期进行检查。

外国人的枪支管理
第二十四条 外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员携带枪支来华，必须事先向中华人民共和国外交部提出申请，经同意后，入境时向海关申报，由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达目的地后，向驻在地的市公安局申报，办理枪支登记。
外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员所有的枪支，除猎枪可在狩猎场所使用外，一律不得携出各该国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关。
外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员携带枪支出境，应当照会中华人民共和国外交部，向驻在地的市公安局注销，申领携运证。出境时，向海关申报，将携运证交出境地边防检查站。
第二十五条 外国党、政、军、议会代表团成员及其警卫人员携带枪支来华，必须事先向中华人民共和国外交部或接待单位申报同意，由接待单位通知边防检查站，并向公安部备案。
第二十六条 外国体育代表队携带射击运动枪支，前来我国参加射击运动比赛活动，必须事先经中华人民共和国体育运动委员会批准。入境时，向海关申报，由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达比赛地后，向当地县、市公安局登记备案，离开时注销。途经我国的，必须事先经中华人民共和国体育运动委员会批准，由中华人民共和国体育运动委员会通报边防检查机关，由入境地边防检查站将所带枪支加封过境。
第二十七条 外国民航飞机和外国籍船舶上携带的枪支、弹药，在飞机、船舶进入我国口岸时，由边防检查站予以封存，出境时启封。
第二十八条 本办法第二十四条、第二十五条、第二十六条规定以外的其他来华的外国人，除经中华人民共和国国家主管部门和目的地省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局批准的以外，一律不准携带枪支、弹药入境。凡携带枪支、弹药的，在入境时必须向海关申报，由边防检查站暂时封存在口岸，出境时发还本人，或由携带人退运出境。经批准携带枪支、弹药入出境的，按本办法第十九条的规定办理手续。过境的必须向海关申报，由边防检查站审核加封过境。凡未向海关申报的，一律按非法运输枪支、弹药处理。
第二十九条 外国人在华购买猎枪，需经省、自治区、直辖市外事部门或接待单位同意并出具证明，向购买地的县、市公安局申领购买证，经批准后，到指定的商店凭证购买。

处罚
第三十条 凡违反本办法的，对主管负责人和直接责任人要视其情节轻重，分别给予纪律处分、治安管理处罚，直至依照法律追究刑事责任。

其他
第三十一条 各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府和国务院各有关部、委可根据本办法，制定具体管理规定，报公安部备案。
第三十二条 本办法经国务院批准后，由公安部发布施行。一九五一年六月二十七日政务院批准、公安部发布施行的《枪支管理暂行办法》同时废止。

MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CONTROL OFFIREARMS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CONTROL OF
FIREARMS
(Approved by the State Council on January 5, 1981, and promulgated
by the Ministry of Public Security on April 25, 1981)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated to maintain public order, to safeguard
public security, and to prevent criminals from using firearms to commit
sabotage.
Article 2
The term firearms (including the ammunition used with these firearms), as
mentioned in these Measures, refers to the following firearms which belong
to the non-military system: pistols, rifles, and submachine guns and
machine guns for military use; various firearms for target shooting
sports; rifles, shot-gun, and powder-gun for hunting; injection-gun for
applying anesthesia on animals; and air-guns for discharging pellets. The
military firearms used for fitting out the People's Liberation Army, the
militia and the People's Armed Police Force shall be controlled in
accordance with the pertinent provisions of the army and militia system.
Carrying and Allocation of Firearms
Article 3
The following personnel may carry firearms:
(1) personnel working in the people's courts, the people's procuratorates,
and the public security organs who are required to carry firearms for
discharging their duties;
(2) party and government leading cadres working in the border areas,
coastal defence areas, and other remote areas who have the necessity, as
deemed by the people's governments of the provinces and autonomous
regions, to carry firearms;
(3) confidential couriers working in the Party and government departments
at or above the provincial level, and confidential messengers working in
the county or municipal Party and government departments in the border
areas or in post and telecommunications departments who have the necessity
to carry firearms;
(4) personnel working in the Customs who are required to carry firearms to
discharge their duties;
(5) guards and transport escorts working in war industries.
Article 4
Firearms for official use may be allocated to the following units:
(1) the security sections of factories and mines, enterprises, government
departments, schools and universities, research institutions, that have
the necessity to be fitted out with firearms;
(2) important financial and banking units and important warehouses, radio
stations, and research institutions which are located in remote area
without armed guards that have the necessity to be fitted out with
firearms;
(3) geological prospecting teams and survey and drawing teams that work in
remote areas or at sea, that have the necessity to be fitted out with
firearms;
(4) coastal and ocean-going passenger-liners, freighters and oil tankers
and other operation vessels operating on the sea;
(5) civil airports and civil air-liners that have the necessity to be
fitted out with firearms.
Article 5
Sports guns may be allocated to sports committees at or above the county
level that promote target-shooting sports.
Article 6
Personnel and units engaged in hunting as their specialized line of
production may carry or be allocated with hunting rifles. As regards the
non-professional hunting personnel, only citizens aged eighteen or over
may keep hunting rifles, and each can keep no more than two hunting
rifles.
Article 7
Injection-guns may be allocated to such units as hunting production units,
scientific research and teaching units, wild animal breeding and livestock
farms, and veterinary hospitals that have the necessity to apply
anesthesia on animals.
Article 8
Film studios, in order to meet the needs of film production, may purchase
old and obsolete firearms as stage properties. With the exception of just
a small number of firearms used for creating special stage effects, all
firearms must undergo technical treatment so that they can no longer be
used for discharging live ammunition.
Manufacture and Purchase of Firearms
Article 9
Various kinds of firearms shall be manufactured and repaired by factories
designated by the State only; no units and individuals may manufacture,
repair or assemble firearms without authorization.
Article 10
For the purchase of military firearms, the purchasing units shall submit
to the local public security organs a report listing such details as the
categories of firearms to be purchased, their quantities, uses, and scope
of carrying and allocation. After obtaining the approval, they shall apply
to the department designated by the State for appropriations.
The purchase of various categories of firearms for target-shooting sports
shall be approved by the sports committee at a higher level and have the
consent of and the purchase permit granted by the county or municipal
bureau of public security at the place where the purchasing units are
located: only with the purchase permit may a purchasing unit make
purchases of firearms at the department designated by the State. The
purchase of hunting rifles and injection-guns shall be approved by the
competent forestry department at the county level or higher and have the
consent of and the purchase permit granted by the public security organ;
only with the purchase permit, may a purchasing unit make purchases at the
department designated by the State. The distributors of hunting rifles
shall go through the procedures of registration at the public security
organ at the county or municipal level or higher.
With the exception of the units designated by the State or approved by the
competent department, no units or individuals may sell or purchase
firearms and ammunition.
Control of Firearms
Article 11
The firearm-carrying personnel shall obtain the consent of the person in
charge of their unit, and have the approval of the competent department at
the county level or higher. The firearm-equipped unit shall obtain the
approval of the people's government at the county level or higher.
Without permission through legal procedures, no units or individuals may
keep firearms and ammunition privately. Firearms and ammunition kept
without permission shall be handed over to the local public security
organ, and shall not be disposed of privately.
Article 12
Firearm-carrying personnel and firearm-equipped units shall apply to the
local county or municipal bureau of public security for firearm licenses,
which shall be granted after examination and approval.
Firearm-carrying personnel, when going out with their firearms, shall
carry them with firearm licenses for examination. Personnel carrying
firearms for official use and who perform duties in places other than
their own county or municipality must apply to the local county or
municipal bureau of public security for firearm-carrying pass.
Article 13
Firearms which bear historic significance kept on display in exhibition
halls, museums, etc., shall be registered at the local county or municipal
bureau of public security, and shall not be used for other purposes.
Article 14
It is strictly prohibited to fire shots at will in cities, towns,
residential areas, scenic spots, airports, along communication lines, or
in any other places where shot-firing is prohibited according to
regulations. It is prohibited to fire shots and hunt in non-hunting areas.
Article 15
In some particular areas or places where firearms are banned, firearm-
carrying personnel shall leave the firearms they carry with the public
security organ or a designated unit for safe-keeping, and have them given
back when leaving.
Article 16
All categories of firearms shall be kept properly and safe. Firearms kept
collectively shall be well taken care of by persons specially designated
for the job; special warehouses (or cabinets) shall be used for keeping
the firearms, and firearms and ammunition shall be kept separately; strict
measures shall be taken against loss, theft or other accidents. In case
that firearms are lost or stolen, it must be reported immediately to the
public security organ, and the scene of the incident shall be kept intact.
Article 17
Firearm-equipped units and firearm-carrying personnel are not permitted,
without official approval, to lend out their firearms and ammunition or
give them to others as gifts. In the event that a firearm-equipped unit
has been disbanded or a firearm-carrying person been transferred to a new
unit, the unit or the person shall return the firearms to the original
firearm-allocating unit, and return the firearm licence(s) to the original
licence-issuing public security organ for cancellation. Persons who hold
hunting rifles shall, upon moving away from the county or city of their
original residence, return for cancellation their firearm licences to the
original licence-issuing public security organ and obtain firearm-
transport passes. On their arrival at their destinations, they shall
present the firearm-transport passes to the local security organ and go
through the procedures for obtaining new firearm licences.
Article 18
To transport firearms and ammunition, it is imperative to apply to the
county or municipal bureau of public security stationed at the destination
of transportation for a transport pass. Upon arrival at the destination,
the applicant shall present the transport pass to the local public
security organ and go through the procedures for registration or for
obtaining a new firearm licence.
Article 19
To carry hunting rifles into the country from abroad, it is imperative to
obtain, in advance, the approval of the county or municipal bureau of
public security stationed in the locality of the applicant's residence.
Upon entering the country, the applicant shall declare at the Customs, and
a carrying-transport permit shall be issued after examination and approval
by the border inspection office. Upon arrival at the destination, the
applicant shall go through the procedures for obtaining a firearm licence
by presenting the carrying-transport permit.
To carry hunting rifles out of the country, it is imperative to return for
cancellation the firearm licence to the original licence-issuing public
security organ for a carrying-transport permit. On exit, the applicant
shall declare at the Customs, and surrender the carrying-transport permit
to the local border inspection office.
Article 20
Firearms that have fallen into disuse shall be registered by the firearm-
holding units in detailed lists, which shall be submitted for approval to
the competent departments of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government, and, then, again to
the local county or municipal bureau of public security for examination;
after that, the disused firearms shall undergo a treatment of
disfigurement before they are sent, under the supervision of the unit in
charge of the destruction, to a smeltery designated by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or municipality
directly under the Central Government for melting down and complete
destruction.
Article 21
Air guns that discharge metal pellets shall be controlled in accordance
with the provisions concerning the control of sports guns, when used by
sports departments in target-shooting sports, and in accordance with the
provisions concerning the control of hunting rifles when used for hunting
by hunting units. Privately purchased and held pellet-discharging air guns
are also required to go through registration procedures and to be placed
under control; and the control measures shall be formulated by the public
security department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government.
Article 22
Firearm licences, firearm-carrying passes, purchase permits for sports
guns, hunting rifles and injection-guns, transport passes for firearms and
ammunition, and carrying-transport permits shall all be devised solely by
the Ministry of Public Security, be printed solely by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or municipality
directly under the Central Government, and be signed and issued by the
county or municipal bureau of public security.
Article 23
The public security organs at various levels shall exercise supervision
over such affairs as the carrying, use, safe-keeping, and changes of
firearms in the non-military departments of their locality, and carry out
inspection at regular intervals.
Control of Firearms of Foreigners
Article 24
Foreign diplomatic missions and consular posts in China, and their
personnel, that are to carry firearms into China shall apply in advance to
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China; after
obtaining the consent, they shall declare at the Customs on entering the
country and then be issued the carrying-transport permits by the border
inspection office after examination. Upon arrival at the destination, the
applicants shall report to the local municipal bureau of public security,
and go through the registration procedures for their firearms.
No firearms belonging to foreign diplomatic missions and consular posts in
China and to their personnel, with the exception of their shotguns which
may be used in hunting grounds, shall be carried out of the confines of
the aforesaid missions and posts. Foreign diplomatic missions and
consular posts in China and their personnel that are to carry their
firearms out of China shall send a note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of the People's Republic of China, and make an application to the
municipal bureau of public security at the locality of their residences
for registration cancellation and for the issuance of carrying-transport
permits. On exit, they shall declare at the Customs, and submit the
carrying-transport permit to the local border inspection office.
Article 25
Members of foreign political party, government, military or parliamentary
delegations and their guards that are to carry firearms into China shall
obtain in advance the consent from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
People's Republic of China or from the host units, which shall notify the
border inspection office and submit a report to the Ministry of Public
Security for the record.
Article 26
Foreign sports teams that come to China to take part in a shooting
tournament with their sports rifles and pistols shall obtain in advance
the approval by the Physical Culture and Sports Commission of the People's
Republic of China. On entering the country, they shall declare at the
Customs, and then the border inspection office shall issue them the
carrying-transport permits after examination. On arrival at the locality
of the tournament, they shall go through the registration procedures for
the record at the local county or municipal bureau of public security, and
cancel the registration before leaving. Foreign sports teams that travel
via China shall obtain in advance the approval of the Physical Culture and
Sports Commission of the People's Republic of China, which shall notify
the border inspection authorities, and the inspection office at the entry
point shall put paper slip seals on the firearms and permit them to pass
through the country.
Article 27
Firearms and ammunition on board foreign civil air-liners or vessels
registered in foreign countries, shall be sealed up by the border
inspection office when the air-liners and vessels enter a port of China,
and unsealed when the air-liners and vessels leave the country.
Article 28
Apart from those who come to China as stipulated in Articles 24, 25 and 26
of these Measures, no foreigners are permitted to carry firearms and
ammunition into the territory, unless approved by the competent
departments of the People's Republic of China and by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, and municipality
directly under the Central Government at the places of their destination.
Those who carry firearms and ammunition with them must, on entering the
territory, declare at the Customs, and the border inspection office shall
temporarily seal up the firearms and ammunition for safekeeping at the
entry port, and give them back when the owners leave the country; or the
firearms and ammunition shall be retransported out of the territory by the
original carriers. Those who have obtained the approval to carry firearms
and ammunition into or out of the territory shall go through the
procedures in accordance with the stipulations of Article 19 of these
Measures. Those in transit shall declare at the Customs, and the border
inspection office shall seal the firearms up after examination, and permit
them to pass through the country. Those who fail to declare at the
Customs shall be dealt with, without exception, as cases of illegal
transport of firearms and ammunition.
Article 29
Foreigners who wish to buy hunting rifles in China, shall obtain the
approval of and certificates from the foreign affairs office of the
province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central
Government, or the host unit. They shall then apply to the local county
and municipal bureau of public security for purchase permits and make
their purchases at designated stores after approval.
Penalties
Article 30
The chief person-in-charge and the direct offender, who are held
responsible for the violation of these Measures, shall receive penalties
ranging from disciplinary sanction, punishment in accordance with the
regulations on the maintenance of public order, to an investigation by the
judicial organ of the criminal responsibilities of the offender, depending
on the seriousness of the case.
Miscellaneous
Article 31
The people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government and the various
ministries and commissions under the State Council may, in accordance with
these Measures, formulate specific provisions for the control of firearms,
and report thereon to the Ministry of Public Security for the record.
Article 32
These Measures shall go into effect after the approval by the State
Council and the promulgation by the Ministry of Public Security. The
Interim Measures Concerning the Control of Firearms, approved by the
Government Administration Council and promulgated by the Ministry of
Public Security on June 27, 1951, shall be abrogated at the same time.


传统法学思维的批判
??读《法律的经济分析》有感


摘要：《法律的经济分析》这部享誉世界的法律经济学著作,将经济学运用于许多非市场的行为，如，犯罪、起诉、离婚、意外事故、反种族歧视法等等，从而为我们提供了一种有全新的、广阔的、全方位的视角。效益被看作是法律的基本价值，法律的效益价值理论和经济分析方法是法学研究理论领域和方法论上的重大突破。本文试图勾勒出波斯纳的法律经济学的思想轮廓，并对社会现实作出适当的反思，以求促进我国市场经济条件下的法治建设。
关键词：法律经济学 波斯纳 经济分析 效益
Abstract : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW，the widely praised book ,focuses on economic analysis of nonmarket behaviors such as crime, the legal process, marriage, accidents and anti-racialism .It supplys us with a new and unconventional method to think of laws. Posner's doctrine about "Economic Analysis of Law" insists that efficiency should be regarded as the basic value of law. Its theory of efficiency value and method of economic analysis are a great breakthrough in law theory domain. This Note is intended to outline Posner's theory and reflects on the social problems, in order to consummate the law of market economy.
Key words : Economic analysis of law; Ponsner; Economic analysis; Efficiency

一、引言
经济分析法学（economic analysis of law）又称为法律经济学，是60年代初首先在美国兴起的西方法学思潮之一。法律经济学使法学的研究手段拓宽到经济领域，使法学研究的视野不再局限于公平正义的权衡、选择，从而为法学理念的重新定位开辟了一条法学与经济结合的新径。法律经济学的集大成者首推美国芝加哥大学教授波斯纳，他被誉为70年代以来最为杰出的法律经济学家之一。其最重要的学术著作《法律的经济分析》全面地阐述了他的学说，标志着一个新的法学流派——经济分析法学派在学派林立的法学界已占据一席之地，为法学研究开辟了一块崭新的领地。
波斯纳在第一版中文版作者序言中指出,《法律的经济分析》旨在“将经济理论运用于对法律制度的理解和改善”；在第一篇导论中指出,《法律的经济分析》一书的写作是建立在经济学是分析一系列法律问题的有力工具这一信念的基础之上的。他认为，“经济学是人类在一个资源有限、不敷需要的世界中进行选择的科学”，将经济学看成是一门关于我们这个世界的理性选择的科学（the science of rational choice），即在这个世界，资源相对于人类欲望是有限的??资源具有稀缺性。它的假设是：人是对自己的生定目标，自己的满足，也即我们通常所讲的“自我利益”（self--interest）的理性的、最大限度的追求者。 而“人是其自利的理性最大化者”这一概念暗示，人们会对激励（incentive）作出反应，即，如果一个人的环境发生变化，而他通过改变其行为就能增加他的满足，那他就会这样去做。这就是法律经济学的逻辑起点。
二、法律经济学视角下的反思
（一）法律经济学视野中的法律基本概念
波斯纳认为，经济学与法学这种学科两分法将法学现象与经济学现象之间事实上的距离人为地夸大了。他认为，经济学对法律进行规范分析是一个有力的工具，在一个资源稀缺的世界，效率是一个公认的价值，表明一种行为比另一种更有效当然是制定公共政策的一个重要因素。 而传统的法学观念与此相差甚远。正是由于法律经济学与传统法学的分野，直接导致一系列由传统道德背景下所构造的法律概念在法律经济学的视角中发生变化、甚至冲突。因此，我们要了解法律经济学，就不得不重新对一系列的法律概念进行认识，笔者试图从经济分析的角度，对“法律”和“权利”作出一些新的诠释。

1．关于法律
中国传统的法学理论一般从意识形态出发，都将法律定位为统治阶级意志的体现。但是在法律经济学的视角中，法律没有被披上太多的意识形态，而是更多地注重对社会的实际作用。因此在这里，法律表现出来的特征是实用性。在传统的视角里面，法律都是处在消极的地位，一般都是进行事后的调整，缺乏前瞻性；法律的改变多是随社会的变化而变化。法律经济学却认为，法律除了事后的调整外，更多的应该注重事前的预防。因为损失的发生在很多情况下是难以弥补的，例如在一宗交通事故中，行人被机动车（司机存在过错）撞到而失去了一条手臂。交警当然会要求司机作出赔偿，赔偿，只是财富从司机一方转移到行人一方，社会的总财富并没有因此而改变。但是不管事后怎样弥补，行人还是失去了一条手臂，社会总财富减少了，因为行人不能再创造比以前更加多的财富。法律的前瞻性在这里显得非常必要。而法律经济学借助经济学的一系列研究方法和手段，尤其是采取经济人假设和激励机制，预测人们对一定法律环境的的反应，从而制定一些更加有利于增进社会财富的法律。另外，法律制度必须符合成本效益分析。科斯第一定理告诉我们：法定权利的最初分配从效率角度看是无关紧要的，只要交易成本为零；然而现实中，交易成本为零的情况是没有的，这个现在谁都知道，科斯当然比我们知道的更早，于是在交易成本不为零的现实世界，人们又推导出科斯第二定理：在交易成本不为零的情况下，权利的初始分配将影响资源的配置效率。法律制度本身的运行是需要成本的，因此良好的法律制度一方面有助于节约社会成本，另一方面由于交易费用的降低，交易效率会随之提高，所以又会促进社会总财富的增加。法律一旦忽视交易成本的因素，则法律反而是阻碍社会进步的绊脚石。

2．关于权利
关于权利，传统的法学理论习惯于从权利的静态，至多是从它的排他性出发，认为权利与权利之间是可以划清界限的，当严格依法界定并保护一个人的合法权利时，实际上也就界定和保护了他人的权利。然而，科斯在《社会成本问题》中写道：“人们一般将该问题视为甲给乙造成损害，因而所要决定的是：如何制止甲？但这是错误的。我们正在分析的问题具有相互性，即避免对乙的损害将会使甲遭受损害。必须决定的真正问题是，是允许甲损害乙，还是允许乙损害甲？关键在于避免较严重的损害。”科斯认为权利具有“相互性”（reciprocal nature），纷争的产生源自社会资源的有限，问题不在谁对谁应付赔偿责任或免除损害责任，而是如何减少损害，只有从双方性的观点去看损害赔偿的问题，才能真正达到社会财富最大化的目的，社会资源才能获得最有效率的运用。

（二）法律经济学在我国实践中的尝试
1999年沈阳市颁布了《沈阳市行人与机动车道路交通事故处理办法》。该办法的主要精神可以概括为：在行人违反交通规则导致交通事故发生时，如果机动车方无违章行为，行人负全部责任。长期以来，大部分地区交通管理部门在处理交通事故时实行的是“严格责任规则”而新办法用“过失责任”代替了严格责任。此新办法引起了法学界“撞了白撞”的大讨论。然而反对的呼声居多，如著名法学家梁慧星教授就认为该办法是反人道、反正义、反人权的，更进一步指出在交通事故处理上应该适用无过错责任。
这场大讨论引发了笔者的思考，如何衡量一个具体法律法规的合理性？在笔者看来，对该新办法的反对意见多是基于把法律看作收入再分配的工具——或更传统地说是从“公平”的角度判断法律的合理性。依该标准，平均而言，行人是“穷人”、“弱者”，而司机是“富人”、“强者”，因此，无论司机有无过错均让其承担责任是合理的。然而，法律的首要功能是保证效率，考虑如何使整个社会的成本最小。衡量一个法律是否合理的首要标准应该是效率标准而非分配标准。分配原则应该在效率原则下，如果离开了效率标准，也不可能有真正的公平。打个比方，如果单从分配标准出发，穷人盗窃富人的资产就不应被判有罪，弱者伤害强者也不应构成侵权行为。 如果我们的制度设计完全遵照此标准，人们工作的积极性就会降低，也不会有人愿做“富人”、“强者”；相反，依效率标准，任何盗窃行为、伤害行为均构成侵权，则人们的生产积极性就会提高而努力积累财富。
我们假设交通规则本身是社会最优的，即，在双方都严格遵守该规则的情况下，事故发生的概率处于社会最优水平。这里需要说明的是，社会最优水平并不是指事故发生概率最小，而是对于整个社会来说，经济效率达到最大同时事故发生概率达到最小的边际状态。在此前提下可以有三种情况：第一，实行“无责任规则”，即在任何情况下司机均不承担赔偿责任，结果是司机没有预防事故发生的积极性从而不遵守交通规则，行人有最大的积极性预防事故发生而过于小心谨慎甚至绿灯时也不敢过马路，激励机制没有最优地分配责任承担关系，所以是没有效率的，不能达到社会最优状态。第二，实行“无过失责任”，即在任何情况下司机均要承担赔偿责任，则司机有预防事故发生的最大积极性而行人则选择最小的谨慎（因在发生交通事故的情况下行人无论如何也要承担一定的人身损失），因此司机开车过于谨慎而放慢速度导致交通堵塞，行人却乱闯马路，这也不能达到最优化的效率。第三个规则就是实行“过失责任”，即只有当司机违章行人没有违章时才由司机承担全部责任，而当行人违章司机没有违章时司机不承担责任。这样司机和行人都有积极性遵守交通规则，事故发生概率达到最优（注意是最优而非最小），则社会的效率也达到最优状态。一个好的交通事故损失赔偿的法律规则，应当能够产生一种激励，在这样的激励下，道路交通的参与人自愿投入适当的预防成本，使交通事故不发生或少发生。故此，沈阳市出台的新办法看似在人权保护上是一种“倒退”，实则可最大限度地减少交通事故的发生，符合法律经济学关于侵权法目的的阐释，即为了促进防止侵权行为资源的高效率配置。判断法律法规的合理性以效率为标准往往能够最大地节约社会成本，在这个资源有限的世界中，实现真正的分配正义。

（三）言论自由的经济学分析
波斯纳认为，思想是一种商品。在一个自由的思想市场里面，各种思想会相互充分竞争，希望能获得消费者（社会大众）的购买（接受）。在这里，波斯纳将市场的概念引入到思想领域，这是笔者下面讨论各问题的逻辑起点。
1．言论自由的宪法保护的必要性
宪法为什么明确保护这一特殊市场(思想市场)而非其他市场呢？从经济分析的角度看，主要有下列两个原因。第一，对思想市场的管制会造成政府权力垄断。公共选择理论认为，政府官员是公共利益代表的这种理想化认识与现实相距甚远，行使经济选择权的人并非“经济阉人”。我们没有理由将政府看作是超凡至圣的神造物。政府同样也有缺陷，会犯错误，也常常会不顾公共利益而追求其官僚集团自身的私利。 这就是说政府也是一个经济人，会有其特定的偏好。如果允许政府对思想市场随意加以管制，最终的结果就是使舆论成为了政府宣传的工具。只要一出现令政府反感的言论，政府处于本能就会对其进行压制，将其排挤在思想市场之外，社会大众所得到的就只剩下一些为政府所喜爱的言论。第二，思想市场的脆弱性。思想市场上有不少思想收益是外部性的，只要政府对这些思想（不受政府欢迎的）提高其进入市场的成本，那么其他的思想就极其容易替代这些不受欢迎的思想。正如波斯纳在书中所举的例子，投票本身是一种外在收益源，因为单一的投票根本不可能改变选举，所以其对个人投票者的预期价值（即使相对于很小的投票时间成本而言）是很小的。由于投票几乎没有私人价值，所以我们就不应该希望人们对了解候选人和有关问题进行大量的投资。宪政的本意就是限政，即限制政府行政权力，保护公民的基本权利。因此，如果宪法不对言论自由作出坚实的保护的话，宪法就难以真正达到宪政的目的。

2．媒体责任的归责原则
隐私权越来越为人们所重视，在隐私权和言论自由权发生冲突的时候如何取舍呢？尤其是担负着传播各种信息的义务的大众传媒，在报道发生失实之时，其责任应该如何分担呢？媒体，作为一个经济人，也会对外界的激励或抵制因素作出反应，而成本与收益效应对媒体的行为产生决定性的影响。如果成本高于收益，那么媒体便不会报道这一消息；尤其是当报道的消息极有可能会引发诉讼而法律又倾向于保护对方的时候，媒体是更加不愿意冒这样的风险。如果一个记者得到一则重要的内幕新闻而抢先独家报道，他的报纸将取得较高的销售收入。但这只是这一新闻对公众所产生的价值的一部分，因为所有竞争性报纸都将在稍后刊载这一新闻。由此可见，这一记者和雇佣他的报纸的总收益会远远低于这则新闻的社会总收益。但是如果记者和雇佣他的报纸预期，这则新闻的公布，将会令其承担诉讼的风险，他就不一定会公布这则新闻，即使这则新闻对社会公众有很大的好处。获得一部分收益，但是要承担所有的风险，任何一个理性人都不会作出这样的行为。鼓励报纸公开这一则新闻的一种方法就是降低公开成本；而其手段就是使报纸没必要对新闻的真实性作全面、彻底的调查，但在它对公开假诽谤负有严格责任或过失责任的情况下，它就不得不做这种调查。因此在没有证明媒体知道消息的虚假性或放任对其真实性不作辨别的情况下，媒体不应当负相应的责任。
3．言论自由的底线
可能是因为历史的惯性，中国人对“言论”这个词显得特别敏感。因而对于言论自由的内涵和外延并不会太关注，对言论自由的限度更加没有一个清晰的标准。古语云：“刑之不知，威不可测。”正是人们不知道言论自由的底线在哪里，所以人们在发表言论时，尤其是政治言论，显得非常谨慎。就如我们在听一些思想活跃的学者做讲座时，讲完某个尖锐的问题时，总会加上一句“纯属学术讨论”之类的不痛不痒的话。一个教授尚且如此，一般的社会大众又会如何呢？这就反映出言论自由在现实中并没有得到切实的保障，而要真正保障言论自由，笔者认为，言论自由的限度必须要划分明确，否则，言论自由只是空话。
法律经济学为这一标准的划定，起了非常重要的作用。在这里我们要引入一条有用的公式：汉德的过失公式B＜PL。汉德公式是在美利坚合众国政府诉卡罗尔拖轮公司一案中由法官汉德（LearnedHand）提出的 。Ｂ